Quiz 3 Questions and Answers Essay

1. You are installing a network card in a computer that has several devices configured. There is a printer on LPT 1, a mouse on COM 1, a modem on COM 2, and a SCSI host adapter occupying IRQ 10. The computer also has a sound card using IRQ 5. If your network card supports IRQs 3 through 5 and 9 through 11, which of the following IRQs could you set it for in this computer? IRQ7 IRQ3 IRQ10 None of these IRQ4 IRQ5 2. A 100BaseVG network is build on a ______ topology with all computers attached to a hub ring mesh all of these star bus 3. Your network is experiencing heavy traffic and signal attenuation due to long cable distances between computers. Required Result: Correct the signal attenuation problem. Optional Desired Results: Reduce the broadcast traffic that is present on your network. Filter the network traffic to reduce the number of frames transferred across the network. Proposed Solution: Install repeaters between distant segments. Install routers and configure them to filter broadcast traffic. Which results does the proposed solution produce? The proposed solution produces the required result but does not produce any of the optional desired results.. The proposed solution produces the  required result and produces only one of the optional desired results.. The proposed solution does not produce the required result. The proposed solution produces the required result and produces both of the optional desired results. None of these 4. In a Token Ring frame the ______ field indicates whether the frame is a token frame or a data frame. none of these Access Control error checking priority media type 5. Cables attach the individual clients and serves to the MSAU that works like other ____________ hubs switch active passive bridge none of these 6. A token is a special type of ____________ that circulates around a cable ring data transmission frame or packet electrical signals none of these serial signals 7. Managing data on a network depends on traffic control. The set of rules that governs how network traffic is controlled is called: Channels Layers Interface Drivers. Access Methods. 8. You are considering starting a training company that provides on-site classroom instruction to various businesses. Your service will include a temporary networked classroom environment. Assuming that the facilities do not have pre-installed wiring and that the classroom will use 10 or less computers, which topology would require the least equipment and be the easiest to set up and tear down. [Choose the best answer] Star. All of these Ring. Mesh Bus. 9. With the demand-priority access method, the ____________ manage network access by doing round-robin searches for requests to send from all nodes. none of these users routers gateways hubs 10. CSMA/CD is known as a ____________ access method because computers on the network compete for an opportunity to send data poling parallel contention sequential priority 11. Ethernet can use several communication ____________ including TCP/IP protocols data paths channels applications media 12. Typically, the hub of a 10BaseT network serves as a multiport ________. 13. The 100BaseTX topology runs on UTP Category ________ data-grade cable 5 1 2 4 3 14. Because single-segment 10Base2 Ethernet limits would be too confining for a large business, ____________ can be used to join Ethernet segments and extend the network to a total length of 925 meters (about 3035 feet). none of these 4 repeaters 5 repeaters 2 repeaters 3 repeaters 5-4-3 rule The thinnet 5-4-3 rule: 5 segments, 4 repeaters, and 3 populated segments 15. Wi-Fi Wireless networks use _________ access method. Demand priority Token Bus CSMA/CA CSMA/CD Token Ring 16. Access methods prevent ____________ access to the media. preemptive None of these slow random simultaneous 17. A standard ethernet network can combine as many as ____________ cable segments connected by four repeaters, but only three segments can have stations attached. 6 none of these 3 4 5 18. A 10Base5 topology is also referred to as ____________. standard ethernet 802.3 Thicknet all of these 19. Token passing is deterministic, meaning that a computer cannot force its way onto the network as it can in a ______ environment CSMA/CD Polling Demand priority CSMA/CA Switching 20. Which type of network media-access method do IBM LANs with Multistation Access Units employ? CSMA/CA. CSMA/CD Beaconing Token passing. None of these 21. The trailer of a packet contains the destination address False True 22. In the IBM implementation of Token Ring, a star-wired ring, the actual physical ring of cable is in the ________. MSAU all of these none of these hub Repeater 23. When using the CSMA/CA access method, a computer waits until the network is quiet and then transmits its data. If two computers transmit at the same time, the data will collide and have to be re-sent. If two data packets collide, both will be destroyed. False. True 24. Ethernet relies on the ____________ access method to regulate traffic on the main cable segment CSMA/CA CSMA/CD all of these Token Ring Demand Priority 25. MSAUs were designed to sense when a ________ fails and to disconnect from it. Hub Cable NIC Network Computer CPU 26. Which access method is used, when each computer communicates only with a hub. The hub then controls the flow of data a. CSMA/CD b. CSMA/CA. c. Token Bus. d. Token Ring e. Demand priority c only a only both c and d e only b only d only 27. With data masses divided into _______, individual transmissions occur more frequently so that every computer on the network has more opportunities to transmit and receive data. bits messages frames or packets files bytes 28. In a packet, the header usually contains an error-checking component called a CRC True False 29. Which access methods is used, when each computer must wait to receive a token before it can transmit data. Only one computer at a time can use the token. a. CSMA/CD b. CSMA/CA. c. Token Bus. d. Token Ring e. Demand priority both c and d c only e only d only both a and b 30. A Token Ring network is an implementation of IEEE standard ____________. 802.4 802.2 802.11 802.5 802.3 31. Which of the following network access methods sends a signal indicating its intent to transmit data on the wire? [Choose the best answer] CSMA/CD Token passing. Beaconing CSMA/CA. None of these 32. If you must configure a network for three mission-critical servers and want to provide a highly fault-tolerant cabling scheme, which topology would you implement? [Choose the best answer] Star. Bus. Mesh None of these Ring. 33. With the token-passing access method, only one computer at a time can use the token; therefore, there are no _______. broadcastings contentions collisions all of these collisions and contentions 34. A packet (frame) components are grouped into sections: _________. CRC data header all of these trailer 35. When an IBM Token Ring network is full, adding another ____________ can enlarge the network MSAU all of these repeater Hub 36. With CSMA/CD, if there is data on the cable, no other computer may ____________ until the data has reached its destination and the cable is clear again transmit and receive none of these receive transmit 37. With more traffic on a CSMA/CD network, ____________ tend to increase, slowing the network down broadcasting all of these transmissions collisions unicasting 38. Fast Ethernet is another name for the ____________ topology 100BaseX all of these 100BaseFX 100BaseT4 100BaseT 39. The 10BaseT topology is an Ethernet network that uses _________ cable to connect stations Coaxial UTP and STP STP UTP Fiber 40. Packets (Frames) may contain session-control codes, such as error correction, that indicate the need for a ______. unicast recall stop transmission retransmission broadcast 41. Your network is experiencing heavy traffic and signal attenuation due to long cable distances between computers. Required Result: Correct the signal attenuation problem. Optional Desired Results: Reduce the broadcast traffic that is present on your network. Filter the network traffic to reduce the number of frames transferred across the network. P roposed Solution: Install repeaters between distant segments. Which results does the proposed solution produce? The proposed solution produces the required result and produces both of the optional desired results. None of these The proposed solution does not produce the required result. The proposed solution produces the required result but does not produce any of the optional desired results.. The proposed solution produces the required result and produces only one of the optional desired results. Check with Prof 42. Which of the following is most likely the problem if the operating system is unable to detect the network card? (Choose the best answer) Wrong frame type is set on the network card Wrong IRQ is set on the network card Wrong IRQ is set on the IDE controller card Wrong protocol is bound to the network adapter 43. Wireless networks use _______ topology mesh all of these star bus ring 44. In the demand-priority access method, transmissions are not ____________ to all other computers on the network multicast routed unicast all of these broadcast 45. When a frame returns to its sending computer, that computer ____________ the frame and puts a new token back on the ring. copies writes reads removes none of these 46. Every network interface card sees all packets sent on its segment, but it interrupts the computer only if the packet address matches its individual address True False 47. Typically, Ethernet is a baseband architecture that uses a _________topology all of these star mesh bus ring 48. The maximum length of a 10BaseT segment is ____________ meters 138 1000 500 250 100

To Kill a Mocking Bird Mrs. Dubose

Valeria Lackey Mrs. Flemming English 10 March 3, 2011 To Kill a Mockingbird Essay In the book To Kill a Mockingbird Jem and scout live in a small town called Macomb. Scout and Jem have a lot of fun times roaming their neighborhood; even though most of the town found it unruly and disturbing that their father was okay with this behavior. Jem and scout heard criticism from a lot of people but the person who made it sting the most lived two houses down from them, Mrs. Dubose. Mrs. Dubose is an old, rude hag addicted to morphine and in this book is a symbol for the reality of things.This mean old witch is racist, very rude and knows how to make her words sting. Mrs. Dubose’s full name is Henry Lafayette Dubose, a boy’s name, which is more than ironic when she makes fun of Scout for being a tomboy and saying things like, â€Å"Don’t say hey to me you ugly girl! You say good afternoon, Mrs. Dubose! † Harper Lee is showing Mrs. Dubose is a hypocrite because one s he has a boy’s name and two she is not attractive either so she has no right to call anyone ugly. A lot of people in this community do not agree with Atticus, but one of the few that let it be known is Mrs.Dubose. Every day the kids pass by her house and everyday she has a new comment about their father like, â€Å"not only a Finch waiting tables but one in the court house lawing for niggers! † Mrs. Dubose doesn’t have to address the children so harshly but she chooses to do so, Harper Lee is trying so symbolize stereotypical people. Mrs. Dubose might be able to stand up to her morphine addiction; she wouldn’t tell anyone to their face what she thinks about them only if they are smaller and they cannot do anything about it.Mrs. Dubose is a bully. Mrs. Dubose has been sucked into what most people should fear, an addition, but this was to a powerful highly addictive medicine, morphine. In the book it states that,† Mrs. Dubose lived alone except for a Negro girl in constant attendance’’, yet her name suggests that she is married which can only mean she has been widowed. That is when she began to spiral downward into the hands of the monster. Jem and Scout didn’t know that she was addicted to morphine they just thought she was sick.Even when they go over to the house to read to her, Jem’s punishment Scout just tags along. Jem and Scout saw it as a nightmare to go over to this horrible woman’s house and read to her and do little chores for her. They didn’t even know they were easing her mind off of the thing that stalks it. â€Å"Mrs. Dubose was a morphine addict,† withdrawals is what Mrs. Dubose suffered every day until the morphine was completely out of her system, shortly after that she died, but she ended with a great battle to the finish.Harper Lee was symbolizing how everyday people are sucked into the devils hand it’s their choice to decide whether or not they will get out. Through everything Mrs. Dubose thought the children and Atticus she still unfortunately died. Like everything in life no matter the accomplishments people still die, the importance is the memory story and knowledge they leave behind. â€Å". . . Instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what.. Mrs. Dubose did not get to tell Jem this but she helped Atticus make his children realize that there is more to courage than a gun. Mrs. Dubose fought a fight with out a gun and it was a hard one but she made it and accomplished what she thought she could only dream of doing. Being free of morphine was her last wish and she accomplished that, â€Å"She said she was going to leave this world beholden to nothing and nobody. † Her death symbolizes you do not know what you have until you lose it Jem would have never looked through her wi ckedness.It took death for him to realize what she was truly about. More than just the characters in the book can learn from Mrs. Dubose, she helps unfold many lessons. Do not judge a book by its cover, take a step in another shoes for a while and a friendship can come in an unlikely place. Harper Lee used Mrs. Dubose as a symbol to reality that the real world is not a fairy tell and a lot of people are going to say hurtful things; but being the bigger person is better off in the long run. Mrs. Dubose was an old hag that overcame her fear and died without morphine.

Harold Kushners Theory of God and Mans Suffering Essay

Harold Kushners Theory of God and Mans Suffering - Essay Example However, one of them needs to be declined to rationalize and imagine the overall reason for his adverse condition. In the most terrible state of life â€Å"Job† meets his friends and his friends suggest that all the suffering in Job’s life are a reaction of his sins that are declining the third belief (3). However, Job declines and suggests that since he has been a good and submissive being of God, therefore, God has been unfair to him; declining the idea of justice from God (2). Thirdly, according to Kushner if he is just and fair God, who is kind and good with his creature maybe he has no control over certain happenstances; thus, proving that God is not all supreme and powerful (1). The above-stated hypothesis was suggested by Harold S. Kushner when a strong religious believer of God like him lost his beloved son of fourteen to an incurable disease (62, Long). He reviewed his views of God after his son’s death and thus, produced a perspective, which supported few of the situations but is not acceptable or pragmatic in general. Instead, his views are perceived as anti-God and disrespectful among all the religious communities of the world. If a poised and blessed person like â€Å"Job† loses his health and wealth including his family and children. Then the poised person should have known that this life on Earth is a test for humans by the God (most powerful). And if one fails to comply with the rules developed/told by God, then he will be clearly a follower of Satan, who himself was ungrateful and proud. Similarly, he should have known that even the most beloved and poised Prophets were tested by the God and he tests the loyalty and faith of his creatures (human) in various ways.  Ã‚  

Lower Division Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lower Division Capstone - Essay Example I would say that this strategy can be considered as home runs because this investment can bring about a lot of revenue in the future. In order to increase their revenue this company should market through digital media. This can also be categorized as low hanging strategy. I strongly recommend the use of this digital media i.e. online marketing, blogs, forums, social media etc as customer behavior is changing every day and people (doctors) mostly use internet as the source of information for new drugs. This would definitely have positive effect on the company as it can have direct contact with customers through this. This can result in great financial improvements (Abbott 2011). DEAN FOODS: Dean foods is an American food company which mainly deals in milk and dairy products. Marketing plan for dean foods can be advertisements through newspapers or pamphlets, door to door service and change in the way of presenting the product. All these are very common yet effective ways of marketing. Advertisements in newspapers and door to door service both can lie in low hanging fruit category. The success of the change in the presentation can be risky because it depends upon the consumer’s taste. ... It is one of the top brands worldwide for women’s undergarments. It needs to be very innovative when it comes to its marketing strategies and it is already doing very well in it. New models should be hired every year so that consumers are not bored by the same faces. More and more ads should be put in all kind of magazines instead of just fashion ones. Any new product that comes up should be immediately advertised. All these will help Victoria’s secret to continue being a monopoly in lingerie business. Hiring new models can be low hanging fruit for the company. Putting ads in different magazines can be both low hanging fruit and home runs. Hiring new models can be a little risky because the success of it actually depends upon customer’s taste. I would strongly recommend my second advice of advertising the product in all kind of papers and magazines because this would also target customers who do not read fashion magazines. It will increase the demand and will enh ance public relations (Business Week 2006; Franco 2000). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Dean Foods Company STRATEGIES: ONE BIG SECRET. Mark Del Franco 2000 Marketing Victoria's Secret. Business Week 2006. http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/oct2006/bs20061011_780959.htm Abbot Laboratories. Official Website 2011. PART TWO The company’s strategy of changing its focus from SUV to more fuel-efficient cars is more practical for today’s world where fuel prices are hiking every day.

Summary of a scientific article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of a scientific article - Assignment Example Through different sampling and harvesting techniques, levels of nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed through soil samples and harvesting flora. The scientists were looking at how the different interactions of shrubs played a role in the levels of nutrients in the soil. They then had samples planted in respective areas in order to determine how different conditions might play a role in the nutrient levels of the soil which effect future growth. These questions were addressed through biochemical analysis. Then statistical data was run in the form of repeated measures ANOVA in order to determine statistical significance of the raw data. They were able to see that there was significance in portions of the data when the biochemical assays were analyzed. There was a correlation between certain shrubs and the amount of nutrients that are found in the specific sample sizes. What this is able to show is that in territorial reclamation of a plant species after devastation, such as a fire, can be important when trying to rebuild an ecosystem. It also serves as a model for both exotic and domestic species.

Analysis for Higher Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis for Higher Learning - Essay Example As the report declares the movie â€Å"Higher Learning† is a drama about different issues of university student life, especially as they relate to all kinds of prejudice: sexual, racial, social included. Racial prejudice is one of the main themes. At the start of this movie, we can see one of the movie’s main characters, Remy, who is an outcast and misfit, ignored by another students. We also find Kristen, who has a little bit racial discrimination and isn’t sure of her own identity yet, and Malik, who is an African American confused about his own identity. Each of them ironically share some of the same prejudices toward each other and others. Each of them value some of the same things about life but do not realize they have anything in common. This essay stresses that when Malik gets on the elevator and meets Kristen by chance, Kristen reflexively grabs her bag, even though they have never seen each other. Malik notices and shakes his head to himself, accustomed to the scenario. This is the introduction to racial tension in the movie. The point that we should consider is why Kristen did that. If she had personally had a bad experience with a black person, it would be understandable. But what is more likely is that Kristen had the fear of being alone with a black man because of her preconceived bias and her lack of relationships with black people in her primarily caucasion neighborhood near Disneyland.

Violent content in media and controversy surrounding it Essay - 1

Violent content in media and controversy surrounding it - Essay Example This means that the violence depicted in animated films with violent theme do not have corresponding violent impact on the people watching them. Mostly, children and adolescents are the ultimate targets of animated TV programs or films and it is important to know what some of the prevailing research studies have to say about the impact of media violence on children and adolescents. The significant research designs reveal that media use does not lead to real-life violence, but to hostility and indirect violence (Kuntsche 230). However, in order for these hostility and indirect violence to develop, excessive media use must be a must. This means that adolescents without excessive exposure to violent content in the media are likely not to develop behaviors pertaining to hostility and indirect violence. In other words, one cannot generalize the point that exposure to media with violent themes lead to violent behavior of the viewers. There must be linked level of exposure to it, but this d oes not suggest that media violence has direct result to the emancipation of violent behaviors. In the first place, researchers do not know for sure how exactly and to what extent the media leads to long-term changes in aggressive behaviors (Surette 68). However, one thing that is clear is that many people who are exposed to media violence show no evidence of violent behaviors (Gentile 24). This means violence is something that may be triggered by other essential factors aside from the excessive exposure to violent media. This is a strong point of those who believe that media violence does not lead to violent behaviors. For them, violence is something that is caused by other factors and in no way that media violence is responsible for delinquent behaviors. For them, animated movie films or programs have no significant impact on the individual’s violent behavior tendency. After all, the occurrence of

American Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Revolution - Research Paper Example The protests to these laws were initiated by a group calling itself the sons of liberty, who in their bid to show their concerns against the law, infiltrated a ship in the Boston harbor, destroying 342 chests of tea in the year 1773 (McCullough, 27). In response to these protests, the British Empire imposed a series of punitive laws, referred to as the intolerable acts in 1774. In 1774, the American patriots suppressed all loyalists, and took control of each colony, establishing new government. The British Empire responded by sending troops for purposes of establishing royal control in the year 1775 (McCullough, 26).   The war ended in 1783 with the surrender of Britain, making the colonists establish the federal government of United States, with each of the 13 regions having a governor, and a parliament.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     During, and after the war, one of the most important and notable figures was Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin is regarded as on e of the founders of America, having played a great role convincing the 13 colonies of America to stay united (Prelinger, 5).   Benjamin Franklin is also credited as being the only person amongst the founders of America to sign the three documents that freed the American colonies from the colonial rule. These documents are the Treaty of Paris, the American Constitution, and the Declaration of Independence (Prelinger, 9). It is important to understand that the role of Benjamin Franklin in assisting Thomas Jefferson to come up with a formal document.

Action plan reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Action plan reflection - Essay Example hest radiographic procedures with patient with pneumothorax and help me to provide good quality image of chest x-ray due to the pneumothorax condition. This area of knowledge acquired can really lead to the achievement of my personal goal to improve my knowledge in pathology. This is because as noted by the authors, the principles and management of pneumothrax form an important basis in the overall pathological pathway to radiography. 18- 20/09/2013: I read ‘Asthma and COPD’ and I acquired a lot of information about these diseases and how they effect the lung. I also learned how can I provide the management of radiographic procedure and good quality images for patient with one of these diseases. After reading this book, my knowledge about Asthma and COPD is improving. I however think that this area alone cannot be an end in itself but a means to an end. This means that I need to expand my knowledge in other areas of radiography pathology in order to make the achievement of my personal goal realistic. The reason for this assertion is that the authors noted that asthma and COPD do not form part of the most reported cases and incidence that radiographers have to deal with. In effect, to have a full understanding of the pathology requires adding some more knowledge areas. 23 – 26/09/2013: I read ‘Diagnosis and Management of Bowel Disease’. From this, I acquired so much information about various bowel disease such as diarrhea, consitaption, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. This learning improved my knowledge of the bowel disease and helped me to improve the management of abdomen radiographic procedure due to patient condition and provide good quality images. The authors from whom I learnt this have noted that abdominal radiography is a very complex process that requires a lot of expanded knowledge base on the part of the radiographer. This means that there is shared responsibility for me to know much more about bowel diseases and

The Jewish Role in Bolshevik Revolution Essay Example for Free

The Jewish Role in Bolshevik Revolution Essay The vast territory of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest Jewish population. Within these territories, the Jewish communities flourished, and developed many new theologies and cultural traditions in spite of facing terrible persecutions (â€Å"History of Jews†). The Czars of Russia competed with each other in persecuting the Jews. The Jews were made scapegoats for all the economic and social problems of Russia. The Bolshevik revolution put an end to the Tsarist Regime. Jewish role in Bolshevik revolution is not a new theme. There is extensive literature in English, French, and German reflecting the argument that Bolshevik revolution is a Jewish conspiracy. (Sutton) Those who try to prove that the revolution was non-Russian indicate Jewish names in an attempt to remove from the Russian people the blame of the revolution of 1917.On the other hand the Jewish scholars argue that the Bolshevik leadership which pre-dominantly Jewish was not Jews in spirit.(Solzhenitsyn). However, by that logic, leading Russian Bolsheviks were also not Russian in spirit. Therefore, what exactly was the role of Jews in Bolshevik revolution? Can they be blamed for the revolution? Was there a Jewish conspiracy? What attracted them en masse toward the Bolshevik party? Let us start with the History of Jews in Russia. The History of Jews in Russia. Records exist from fourth century showing that Jews inhabited the cities of Armenia and that there were substantial Jewish settlements in Crimea. Under the influence of these Jews, the ruling class of Khazaria adapted Judaism. After the overthrow of the Khazarian Kingdom, the Jews fled to Crimea and Russian principality of Kiev. In the 11th and 12th century, the Jews appeared to have occupied a separate quarter in Kiev called the Jewish Town. At this time, Jews were also found in northeastern Russia (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Russia had few Jews, countries to its west were unleashing anti-Semitic pogroms. Expelled en masse from England, France, Spain, and persecuted in Germany, Jews migrated to friendly state of Polish controlled parts of Eastern Europe. The Polish ruler, Casimir III invited the Jews to settle there as a third estate, performing commercial and middleman services between the King and the Nobility. The Jews performed the function of tax collecting, money lending, estate management, and trade. After settling in Russia, they extended to Ukraine and Lithuania, which would later become part of the Russian Empire (â€Å"History of Jews†).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  In 14th Century, the Lithuanians granted more privileges to the Jews. From Lithuania, they migrated to portions of western Russia. Between 16th to 18th centuries, the Jews entered Russia either illegally or with the permission of Polish or Lithuanians, as they were involved in trade (Hein). Tsarist Russia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Tsarist regime started the Jewish persecutions in Russia. Muscovite Russia became a very hostile environment for the Jewish people. The treatment of Jews was harsh in the reign of Ivan IV, The Terrible. For example, after his conquest of Polotsk some 300 Jews who refused to be converted to Christianity were drowned in Dvina. Jews were not tolerated in the area of Muscovy. From 1716, the policies of the Imperial Russian were openly anti-Semitic (â€Å"History of Jews†) The Pale of Settlement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In order to keep the Jews out of Russia, the Tsars established a Pale of Settlement, which included Poland and Crimea. The Jews were supposed to remain in the Pale. They needed special permission to move to Russia proper. Pogroms.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Pogroms were mob violence against the Jews. In Czarist Russia, the number of pogroms unleashed against the Jews was numerous that it is impossible to count them. These pogroms were often organized and incited (Spiro).The Czars organized the pogroms in order to divert the public attention from corruption and allow the masses to let off the steam. Jews were perfect scapegoats for economic problems of Russia. Problems of Russia had nothing to do with the Jews. The problems were total backwardness, highly corrupt and autocratic regime, and poverty. Whenever the public discontentment grew, the Czars organized a Pogrom to divert attention (Spiro).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  It is arguable which of the Russian Czars was the worst to the Jews(Spiro).Let us start with Nicholas I. Czar Nicholas I (1825-1855) sought to destroy all Jewish life in Russia. His period was a painful part of European Jewish history. He ordered the conscription of Jewish youth to the military from the age of 12 and they were forced to serve in the military for 25 years (Hein). The youngsters were kidnapped, never to be seen again. Some Jewish parents were so desperate that they would cut off the index finger of their sons in order to escape the conscription (Spiro). The Jews who were not taken into military were expelled from their towns and villages. He divided the Jews as â€Å"useful† and â€Å"not useful.† The wealthy merchants involved in trade were considered as useful and others as not useful. A law was instituted prohibiting Jews from wearing traditional dresses (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Alexander II (1855-1881) brought to end the harsh treatment of Jews. He implemented new policies for the assimilation of Jews. The Jews moved out of their settlements. Those having Russian secondary school education were given greater rights. This led to many Jews enrolling themselves in Russian schools .Emancipation of Jews began slowly. There was greater visibility of Jewish activities. This increased the anger of non-Jewish communities. The increased competition resulted in the formation of Jewish proletariat and a small Jewish upper class. Many Jews entered new professions (Hein)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated and the situation for the Jews deteriorated. The Jews were blamed for the assassination. Thousands of Jewish homes were burned; large numbers of men, women, and children were killed. Families were reduced to a state of poverty (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The new Czar Alexander III blamed the Jews for riots. He escalated anti-Semitism by depicting the Jews as ‘Christ killers’ and oppressors of Christians. He organized one pogrom after another to keep the anger of the masses focused on the Jews. He promulgated a series laws against the Jews. These Laws were called the May laws (Spiro). He passed restrictions in Jewish landownership and prohibited Jews from living in villages. The state enforced anti-Semitic policies with waves of pogroms, which spread through the villages. These were carried out with the tacit knowledge of the government and the police supporting it. Strict restrictions banned Jews from practicing many professions. The number of Jews studying in schools was curtailed. In 1886, an Edit of Expulsion was enforced on Jews of Kiev. Moscow was ‘cleansed’ of its Jews, except a handful who were deemed ‘useful’. Alexander justified these repressive practices with these words: â€Å"But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood† (â€Å"History of Jews†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The persecutions resulted in many Jews emigrating to other countries. More than two million fled Russia. Vast majority emigrated to United States. Some of them turned to political activism and Zionism (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When Nicholas II took over the situation deteriorated further. Pogroms become a government policy. During his tenure one of the most famous pogrom was organized in Kishinev, 1903.This pogrom received international attention. New York Times reported: It is impossible to account the amounts of goods destroyed in a few hours. The hurrahs of the rioting. The pitiful cries of the victims filled the air. Wherever a Jew was met, he was savagely beaten into insensibility. One Jew was dragged from a streetcar and beaten until the mob thought he was dead. The air was filled with feathers and torn bedding. Every Jewish household was broken into and the unfortunate Jews in their terror endeavored to hide in cellars and under roofs. The mob entered the synagogue, desecrated the biggest house of worship, and defiled the Scrolls of the Law. The conduct of the intelligent Christians was disgraceful. They made no attempt to check   Ã‚  Ã‚  the rioting. They simply walked around enjoying the frightful sport (qtd.in Spiro).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  From 1903-1907 the level of violence was unbelievable. There were 284 pogroms and casualties exceeded 50000 (Spiro).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Thus, the Jews who migrated to Russia with a hope of living in peace were driven to despair by the atrocities of the Tsarist regime. The Jewish community was devastated. People were looking for a way out. They joined the ranks of radical Russians in large numbers. The leaders of socialists, J.Martov and L.Trotsky were Jewish (Hein). The centuries of oppression led to the polarization of Jews and drove them to radicalism. They were desperate to make things better (Spiro). Socialism and Radicalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  The last 20 years of the czarist regime were a time of tension and renaissance for the Jews, especially within the younger circles. This awakening essentially stemmed from conscious resistance to, and rejection of, the oppressive regime, the degrading status of the Jew in the country, and the search for methods for change. One response to the oppressive policy of the czarist government was to join one of the trends of the Russian revolutionary movement. The radical Jewish youth joined clandestine organizations in the towns of Russia and abroad. Many Jews ranked among the leaders of the revolutionaries. The leaders of the Social Democrats included J. Martov and L. Trotsky, while Ch. Zhitlowski and G. A. Gershuni figured among the founders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party of Russia (Berdichev). With the growth of national consciousness in revolutionary circles at the close of the 19th century, a Jewish workers revolutionary movement was formed. Workers unions, which had been founded through the initiative of Jewish intellectuals, united and established the Bund in 1897. The Bund played an important role in the Russian revolutionary movement in the Pale of Settlement. It regarded itself as part of the all-Russian Social-Democratic Party but gradually came to insist upon certain national demands such as the right to cultural autonomy for the Jewish masses, recognition of Yiddish as the national language of the Jews, the establishment of schools in this language, and the development of the press and literature. The Bund was particularly successful in Lithuania and Poland, where after a short time it raised the social status of the worker and the apprentice, and implanted in them the courage to stand up to their employers and the authorities.(Berdichev) The misery of common people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The underlining cause of Russian revolution is deep rooted in the history. For centuries, autocratic and repressive czarist regime ruled the country, while majority of population lived in utter poverty, economically and socially backward (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In 1900, approximately 110 million people lived in Russia, 97 million of which were peasants and three million were industrial workers. Russia was socially and economically backward as compared to other countries like USA, Great Britain, and France. Large majority of Russians were peasants, who lived on the dependency of soil and aristocracy. The peasantry was growing rapidly and there was great demand for land, which was in the hands of aristocracy (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Nicholas II ruled with an iron hand. The powerful sections of the society: the aristocrats, the Church, the Bureaucracy, the police and the Russian army maintained their traditional loyalty towards the Monarch. Each of these powerful elites was interested in maintaining their status and welfare. The Government was inefficient. The Tsar, Nicholas II insisted on reading every degree, which delayed the administrative decision for months. The army had been recently defeated in the war against Japan and police was chaotic. The economy was backward. The peasants were driven to misery and the food production was low. In places where industry was developing, the living conditions were so awful that the workers were angry and rebellious (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The First World War increased the existing discontentment. The war took men from the fields to the front. Railway system was clogged up so the people starved in towns. Prices rose and there was famine in 1916-1917.The Tsar took up the command over the military and the day today running of Russia was left in the hands of Tsarina who was very unpopular. The Tsarina was a German; she was overly influenced by a holy man, Rasputin. The aristocrats felt humiliated and the Church was scandalized. The Russian people lost confidence in the Romanovs (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In February, there was a general uprising. This was primarily over the lack of food and the way the war was fought. It was a spontaneous uprising. Women queuing for food joined the industrial workers sparked of the revolution. The soldiers who were sent to control the agitators joined the revolution. Tsar was forced to abdicate and a   provisional government was formed (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Provisional government was made up of middle class politicians. They were not revolutionaries. They did not give land to the peasant and continued with war. They failed to bring in more foods into the towns. These two aspects created unrest among the public.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  In April 1917, Lenin returned to Russia and promised people, Peace, Bread, and Land. This was what they wanted to hear. The Bolsheviks had catchy slogans like ‘All power to the Soviets’. By September 1917, 2 million people had joined the Bolsheviks (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problems faced by the common people prior to the Bolshevik revolution were Shortage of food supply due to famine and war. Ruled by an autocratic regime. Awful living conditions of industry workers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These conditions were similar to that of alienated Jews. However, apart from these problems the Jews faced intense anti-Semitic policies. The fear of impending pogroms made the life Jewish community miserable. A sense of alienation was prevailed among the Jews. The Jewish role in Bolshevik revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were many opposition parties existing during the last days of Nicholas II. The Liberals, Socialists, and Communists. The liberals wanted to establish a parliament like that of England. This group succeeded in establishing a Duma .But the Duma had no influence over the Tsar. The Socialists wanted a peasant revolution. The Communist wanted a working class revolution. The Communists were split among themselves, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov or Lenin led the Bolsheviks (Russia 1917-1945).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Many members of the Bolshevik were ethnically Jews especially in the leadership of the party. The rival party Mensheviks had higher Jewish representation. The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was very attractive to the Jewish intelligentsia because of the centuries of oppression and suffering the Jewish community had undergone.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The role played by Jews especially, the Jewish intelligentsia can be inferred by analyzing the leadership of Bolsheviks. Virtually all of the important Bolshevik leaders were Jews: they included the father of the revolution, Leon Trotsky (whose real name was Lev Bronstein: in an attempt to hide his Jewish ness, he adopted the name Trotsky); Lev Kamenev, the early Bolshevik leader who later went on to become a leading member of the Politburo, was born with the surname Rosenfeld; Grigori Zinoviev, head of the Petrograd Soviet, was born with the surname Apfelbaum; and many other famous Communists of the time, such as Karl Radek, Lazar Kaganovich; and Moses Urtisky, (the head of the Cheka) who all changed their names for reasons similar to that of Trotsky(â€Å"Suppressed Link†). Leo Trotsky was the brain behind the Bolshevik revolution. Trotsky was to lead the revolution and unquestionably, without him it would not have happened. Trotsky arrived in Russia with a large number of international communists in order to carry out the revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Two weeks prior to the October revolution, Lenin convened the Bolshevik party. The central committee took the decision to seize power by violent struggle. This committee consisted of predominantly Jews. There were four Russians, one Georgian (Stalin), one Pole and Six Jews. To monitor the take over, a committee was formed with majority Jewish. Trotsky was the chairperson of â€Å"Military Revolutionary Committee† which was to carry out the actual seizer of power. Therefore, all the committees set by the predominantly Jewish Bolshevik party had majority of Jews in them (Weber). The Bolshevik revolution is described by an American Jewish community paper as largely a product of Jewish thinking and Jewish discontent (Weber). Winston Churchill stated in an article published in February 8, 1920:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   â€Å"There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution by these international and for the most part atheistically Jews. It is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders† (Weber). David R.Francis, United States ambassador in Russia wrote in a dispatch:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Bolshevik leaders here, most of whom are Jews and 90 percent of whom are returned exiles, care little for Russia or any other country but are internationalists and they are trying to start a worldwide social revolution†(Weber). A Us military officer, captain Montgomery Schulyer sent two telegrams to Washington in March and June 1919 emphatically states the role of Jews in Bolshevik revolution. The first report said:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"It is probably unwise to say this loudly in the United States but the Bolshevik movement is and has been since its beginning, guided and controlled by Russian Jews of the greasiest type†(â€Å"Jews and Communism†). The second report said of the,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"384 commissars there were 2 Negroes, 13 Russians, 15 Chinamen, 22 Armenians, and more than 300 Jews. Of the latter number 264 had come to Russia from the United States since the downfall of the Imperial Government† (â€Å"Jews and Communism†). Post revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Although the Jews were less than five percentage of country’s total population, they played a decisive role in infant Bolshevik regime. With an exception of Lenin, Leon Trotsky headed the red army, Yakov Sverdlov was the head of the Soviet government, and Grigori Zinoviev headed the communist international. They were many other prominent Jews in the initial Bolshevik government. Lenin was a thorough internationalist. He viewed his own fellow citizens with contempt (Weber) He considered nationalism as opposed to internationalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech on anti-Jewish pogroms. According to Lenin anti-Semitism was an attempt to divert workers hatred from the oppressors towards the Jews. It was a political trick employed by the Tsar to divert popular anger towards a scapegoat (Weber)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  A small group of Bolsheviks having come to power needed bureaucracy to run the government. The Bolsheviks revolution was possible because of the large presence of Jewish intelligentsia. Therefore, the Bolsheviks called upon the Jews to take up bureaucratic work of the Soviet apparatus. Many Jews responded this call. Men of Jewish origin dominated Lenin’s first politburo. Majority of Jews who were non-revolutionary and apolitical joined the Bolsheviks. In order to encourage the Jews to join the Bureaucracy, the Bolsheviks organized a Jewish division of nationalities commissariat. The Bolsheviks rejected anti-Semitism and loosened civil restrictions on the Jews (Solzhenitsyn).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jews were predominant in all organs of the Bolshevik government. The central committee of the Bolshevik party had 41 Jews out of 62 members. The secret police had 23 out of 36, the Council of People’s Commissars (the Soviet Government) had 17 Jews out of 21.Out of 556 important functionaries of the Bolshevik state 457 were Jews (Weber). The Russian civil war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Russia was thrust into a civil war from 1917 to 19121, between the Bolsheviks (Red army) and the anti-Bolsheviks (white army).Anti-Semitism spread widely. The white army targeted the Jews, killing huge numbers. The Red army clamped down on anti-Semitic attacks. This created sympathy for the Red army among the Jews. Jewish youth joined the Red army in huge number. The white army was filled with anti-Semitism. Their slogan was â€Å"Kill the Jews and save Russia.† Finally, white army was defeated and the civil war ended (â€Å"Russia 1917-1945†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Jews retained their leading roles in Soviet society until growing anti-Semitism within the Communist Party itself led to a change in policy. Trotsky was the first major Jewish casualty: he split with Stalin over the issue of international socialism. A Stalinist agent in Mexico City assassinated him in 1940 (â€Å"Suppressed Link†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Stalin started removing all important Jews from the Soviet Communist Party. He saw Zionism, the Jewish nationalism contrary to an international socialist brotherhood. Zionism was forbidden and Zionist organization was targeted for persecutions. Secular Jews were put in charge in order to spread hatred towards Jewish religion. Jewish communities were dissolved and their properties confusicated.Traditional institutes of Jewish culture and education were closed down. Those Jews who were not Zionist were left alone and achieved prominent places within the post -Stalin Soviet (â€Å"Suppressed link†). However, Stalin maintained policy of Lenin towards anti-Semitism. In a letter dated January 12, 1931, he declared his official position:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Anti-Semitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at capitalism. Anti-Semitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle†(qtd.in â€Å"History of Jews†). He declared anti-Semitism as a crime, which deserves death penalty. Despite the official Soviet opposition to anti-Semitism, critics of USSR view it as an anti-Semitic regime. The Soviet hostility towards Jewish religion, the huge casualties during the Great Purge, the non-aggressive pact with the Nazi appear to be anti-Semitic. However, this hostility was applied to all religions and ethnic group. This reveals the fact that Bolshevism has no connection with Judaism. The Soviet Union did grant official equality of all citizens regardless of sex, race, religion and nationality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many thousands of Jews however left Soviet Union with most settling in Israel and United States. The Jewish Intelligentsia and Bolshevism: The Socialist ideals were being formed in the Hebrew literature as early as 1820.In a monthly journal ‘visions of a mad man’ the early socialist Moris vinchevsky writes,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Go and tell them that all people are brothers, that in nature there are no great and no little people, lords and slaves, rich and poor, that there is not a person in the world who could say, ‘I have the right to use the fruits of your work, the labors of other people’s hands’† (qtd.in Horowitz).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For members of the assimilated Jewish intelligentsia, participating in the socialist movement was often a method of social integration. The ideology, which stressed strong class divisions rather than ethnic ones, helped them avoid the identity problems associated with assimilation and discrimination. All socialist organizations had Jewish members (â€Å"Socialism and Jews†).The concept of international brotherhood as against nationalism attracted the Jewish intelligentsia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the close of the 19th century, the Jewish proletariat increased and numbered some 600,000. Approximately half of them were apprentices and workers employed by craftsmen, about 100,000 were salesmen, about 70,000 were factory workers, and the remainder daily workers, porters, and domestics. The desire of this proletariat to improve its material and social status, and its contacts with the revolutionary Jewish intelligentsia during the generation, which preceded the 1917 Revolution, became an important factor in the lives of the Jews of Russia (â€Å"Socialism and Jews†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bolsheviks believed in organizing the party in a strongly centralized hierarchy that sought to overthrow the Tsar and achieve power. Although the Bolsheviks were not completely monolithic, they were characterized by a rigid adherence to the leadership of the central committee, based on the notion of democratic centralism. The Bolsheviks took an internationalist stance that emphasized solidarity between the workers of Russia, Germany, and the rest of the world. The philosophy of Bolsheviks was based on Marxism. Lenin was guided by a spirit of internationalism. According to him nationalism did not exist and must not exist, and that the question of nationalism divided revolutionary from reactionary socialism (â€Å"Bolsheviks†) Jewish Chronicle published in London stated,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"There is much in the fact of Bolshevism itself, in the fact that so many Jews are Bolshevists. The ideals of Bolshevism are consonant with many of the highest ideals of Judaism.† (qtd.in Weber).An American Bulletin carried the words of Rabbi S.Wise, â€Å"Some call it Marxism I call it Judaism† (qtd.in Weber)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The socialist philosophy of the Bolsheviks, which was based on Marxism appealed to the Jewish intelligentsia. The spirit of internationalism, solved the problem of nationalism in an alien land. The promise of bread and equality of the proletariat solved the problem of poverty. The stand taken by the Bolsheviks against anti-Semitism gave them the dream of security. Role of Western Jews.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bolshevik revolution is seen by some as a Jewish conspiracy worldwide. However, this is not entirely true. In Britain the 300000 strong Jewish communities was a recent immigration from Russia. For the indigenous Anglo-Jewry, the fate of a fellow diaspora community could no longer be distant concern. The mass immigration brought the problem to their doorstep. For the immigration, Jews political interest in Russia was not a mere academic concern but it was mixed with sentimental attachment and close family ties. It was limited to relief work, philanthropy, and diplomacy. Relief funds were collected for people affected by pogroms. Lucien Wolf the defacto foreign secretary of Anglo-Jewry engaged in diplomatic activities with British government and at League of Nations (Khadish). However, there was no involvement by the British Jews in the Bolshevik revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In United States, millionaire Jews extended financial support to Bolshevik revolution. A group of wealthy Jews and Jewish firms extended financial support to Trotsky. Jacob Henry Schiff, an investment banker was one of the main financiers. Jacob Schiff was a partner in Wall Street banking house of khuhn, Loeb and company. He was an active member in most Jewish charitable organizations and lobbied for the Jewish interest. He and other Jewish leaders successfully persuaded the federal Government to direct official remonstrance to Russia on behalf of human rights of Jews there. Leo Trotsky was given $20 million for the success of the revolution (Best). On March 1917, Trotsky left along with the communist revolutionaries Jacob Schiff and Paul Warburg helped him to reach Russia. Paul Warburg who was vice chairperson of Federal Reserve board handled large sums furnished by the Germans for Lenin and Trotsky. Rothchilds, the banking dynasty of Jewish origin, Olaf Aschberg, a Jewish banker, another Jewish financier Jovotovsky were some of the wealthy Jews who financed the Bolshevik Revolution(Rivera) Though, there was communication passing between the Jewish leaders in America, Germany, France and Britain, there is no hard empirical truth that western Jews conspired together for a Bolshevik revolution (Sutton). Conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jewish hatred for Tsarist regime had a basis in objective conditions. Of the leading European powers, Imperial Russia was most anti-Jewish. What else can we expect from centuries of oppression and suffering? However understandable, and perhaps even defensible, Jewish hostility toward the imperial regime may have been, the remarkable Jewish role in the vastly more despotic Soviet regime is less easy to justify (Weber). Sonya Margolina, a Russian born Jewish writer calls it a â€Å"historical sin† She points to the role of Jewish communists in labor camps and the systematic destruction of churches by the Jewish communists (Weber). Neverthless,it cannot be concluded that Bolshevik revolution was Jewish consiparcy.The Jewish Bolshevik leaders like Trotsky had nothing in common with the people of Pale settlement. The Bolshevik Party had many Jews holding important posts. However, there were many Non-Jews holding important posts for example, Lunacharsky, Bukharin, Kirov, Beria, Molotov, â€Å"Iron Felix† Dzerzhinsky (founder of the KGB), Kalinin (First Soviet President), many others. Whatever their religious or ethnic background the Bolsheviks were essentially atheists who hated all religious and ethnic categories. When they came to power, the Bolsheviks burned down the synagogues and killed the Rabbis as much as they did it to the Christians (Spiro).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Original Bolsheviks received funds from bankers. Some of them were Jews and many of them non-Jews. The Germans who wanted to weaken Russia did the main funding (â€Å"Stanford University†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first days after October revolution made great effort to hunt down Jews for use in the state bueracracy.This is not out of the love they had for the Jews but for the abilities of   the Jews. They did the same to Latvians, Hungarians, and Chinese (Solzhenitsyn). Some anti-Semites pick up some prominent Bolsheviks and claim that they were Jews. Trotsky was a Jew.However,he was one of the early critics of Stalin and   his criticisms cost him his   life. There were many Jews in the leadership of Bolshevik party. As Aristotle says, â€Å"One swallow does not a summer make† (qtd.in Green), we cannot say all Jews in Russia were Bolsheviks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We can conclude, therefore, that it is wrong to blame a single ethnicity for the crime of few individuals. We cannot blame all Germans for the Holocaust. Similarly, we cannot blame that Georgians are responsible for the atrocities of Stalin. Guilt should be assigned individually not collectively. Bolshevik revolution was a class struggle and nothing to do with ethnicity and religion (Green).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Works Cited Best,Gary â€Å"Sciff ,Jacob Henry†The Online Handbook of Texas.6 June,2001.Texas State   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historical Association.10 April,2007 http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online//aricle/SS/fsc53.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   httpp://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/SS/fsc53.html   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bolsheviks.†Wikipedia.2007 Answer.com 5April 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.answers.com/topic/bolshevik â€Å"Communism and the Jews†. World Association of International studies.5 April 2005. Stanford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University, California.8 April 2007http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bin/index.php?p=1082 Green,Richard.â€Å"The Bolshevik Canard†. The Holocaust History Project. July 2000.8 April 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.holocaust-history.org/bolshevik-canard/ Hein, Avi. â€Å"The Jewish Virtual History Tour, Russia.†Jewish Virtual Library.2007.TheAmerican   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IsraelcooperativeEnterprise.http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/russia.html Horowitz, Brian.Rev.ofâ€Å"Great Russian-Jewish Historians,†ed.Lokshin.A.V.C.Menorah Review      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   14 September 2005.5 April 2007. http://menorahreview.org.aspx?id=17 â€Å"History of Jews in Russia and Soviet Union†.AllExperts 2006.6 April 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.allexperts.com/e/h/hi/history_of_the_jews_in_russia_and_the_soviet_union.htm â€Å"Jews and Communism†. March of the Titans.Ostra Publication. 1999. 6 April 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.white-history.com/hwr61iii.htm Khadish, Sharman â€Å"Bolsheviks and British Jews† Frank Cass Publishers 1992 Rivera,David,â€Å"Final Warning: A history of the   New World order†Modernhistoryproject.org   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=FinalWarning Russia 1905-1945.Redruth School.2006.7 April.2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.redruth.cornwall.sch.uk/content/departments/history/gcse/russia/Russia1905- htm â€Å"Russia 1917-41† Greenfield History Site 18 March 2007.5 April2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://johndclare.net/Basic Russia.htm â€Å"Socialism and Jews†. Information service.Diapositive. Adam Mickiewicz Institute 8 April2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slownik_terminow/socjalizm_a_zydzi/ Solzhenitsyn, Alexander â€Å"Two Hundred years Together† ed.Mark Weber.2May 2003 Adelaide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Institute   8.April 2007 http://www.adelaideinstitute.org/Dissenters/weber.htm Spiro, Ken .The Czars and The Jews.† Jewish History 23 December 2001 Aish.com.8 April2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_57_-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   _The_Czars_and_the_Jews.asp â€Å"Suppressed Link-Jews and Communism.† March of Titans.1999 Ostra Publication   6 April 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.white-history.com/hwr61.htm Sutton, Antony. â€Å"Wall street and the Bolshevik Revolution.†Studies in Reformed Theology2001   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 2007. http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/bolshevik_revolution/index.html â€Å"The Jews and Bolshevism†. Jew Watch. 2000 Jew Watch Library.8 April2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jewwatch.com/jew-genocide-USSRchristians-sexpeditionaryforces.html Weber, Mark. â€Å"The Jewish Role in Bolshevik Revolution and Russia’s Early Soviet Regime†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 April 2007 http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v14/v14n1p-4_Weber.html

Classification Of Operating System

Classification Of Operating System An Operating System is the basic software of computers that provides an interface between the computer programs and hardwares. Operating system also provides a software platform on top to other programs, they are called application programs (Application program: is the software that helps the users to make typical functions, like making text, othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Your choice of the operating system, determinates the great extent of the application that you can run. The basic functions of the O.S. are managing machine resources, coordinate the hardware and organize files and directories on storage devices. Classification of Operating Systems Operating systems can be classified as follows: Multi-user: is the one that concede two or more users to use their programs at the same time. Some of O.S permits hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Single-User: just allows one user to use the programs at one time. Multiprocessor: Supports opening the same program more than just in one CPU. Multitasking: Allows multiple programs running at the same time. Single-tasking: Allows different parts of a single program running at any one time. Real time: Responds to input instantly. Operating systems such as DOS and UNIX, do not work in real time. Operating  system functions The operating system serves several functions: Management Processor: Operating System Processor manages the distribution among programs using a programming algorithm. Management Random Access Memory: Operating system manages the memory space allocated for each application and each user, if appropriate. When physical memory is insufficient, the O.S creates an area of memory on the hard drive, called virtual memory. Virtual memory permits you to run applications that require a capacity of memory beyond available RAM in the system. However, this memory is much slower. Management of input / output: Operating system to unify and control access to material resources programs through the drivers (also known as administrators peripheral or input / output). Execution Management applications: Operating system ensures that applications run smoothly by allocating the resources they need to function. This means that if an application does not respond properly may succumb. Managing authorities: Operating system is responsible for security in connection with the execution of programs by guarantee you that resources are used only for programs and users with appropriate authorization. File management: The O.S manages all the writing and reading in the file system and access permissions to files and user applications. File system that permits files to be recorded in a tree structure. Information management: Operating system provides hundreds of indicators that can be used to diagnose the operation of the equipment. Operating System Components The system consists of a set of software that can be used to manage interactions with the hardware. These items are usually included in this set of software: The core: This represents the core operating system functions, such as memory management, processes, files, inputs / main outputs and communication functions. The shell: This enables communication with the operating system through a control language, allowing the user to control the device without knowing the characteristics of hardware, the management of physical addresses, and so on. First operating system was developed by IBM with a young man named Bill Gates, this could run on different computers from different manufacturers, it was called DOS (Disk Operating System), but differences between the parties did not set off a pitch. DOS was just a text screen with a command line that tells us which directory as we were only data for guidance. You had to know that things had to write for the machine to do something. There wasnt a context menu, and graphical displays to guide us. But in the beginning there were these systems presented so elegantly with many colors, there was only the command line interface that to only people who had great computer knowledge could use the computers. OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE 80s At 80s appear Mac OS systems and MS-DOS, Windows. The exponential growth of users, most of them without any knowledge of languages for high or low, made in the 80, the priority of designing an operating system was the ease of use, thus resulting the first user interfaces. Macintosh is the name under which we currently refer to any personal computer designed, developed, built and marketed by Apple Inc. Macintosh 128K was released on July 22, 1984 and was the first personal computer that was successfully marketed, which used a GUI and mouse instead of the standard of that time, the command line interface GUI makes use of a WIMP environment (windows, icons, menus and pointer). The background of the screen is called desktop, which contents an image called icons. Apple in 1984 produced the Macintosh, the first computer with mouse and graphical user interface (GUI). A few years later, Microsoft launched Windows, another operating system based in graphics and intuitive tools List of OS: Windows 7 Windows XP Professional Ubuntu Macintosh OSX Microsoft Vista Fedora Mac OS X Leopard Microsoft Windows 1.0 Xandros Linux Microsoft Windows 3.1 Unix Linux Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating system based in graphical users interfaces produced by Microsoft. The different versions of Windows are: Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 Windows 3.0 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Mac OS Mac OS is an operating systems developed by Apple Computer Inc. Macintosh is popular because the graphical user interface, it was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 but is usually it referred to simply as the system software. Mac OS can be divided into two families: The Mac OS Classic family. The Mac OS X operating system. UNIX This was developed in 1969 by a group of employees of AT T Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas Mcllroy, and Joe Ossanna. UNIX was developed in assembly language, but 1973 had been almost completely recoded in C, facilitating their development and migration to other hardware. This Operating Systems found on mainframes and workstations in corporate Installations. Linux Linux has its origin in UNIX. He showed in the sixties, developed by researchers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson of AT T Bell Labs. Andrew Tanenbaum developed a Unix-like operating system called Minix to teach students to design an operating system. Due to the teaching approach of Minix, Tanenbaum never allowed him to be altered, and complications that could be introduced into the system for their students, but Finnish student named Linus Torvalds, verifying that it was not possible to extend Minix, decided to write his own operating system compatible with UNIX. Linux can be installed on all kind of computer no matter the hardware. This O.S is a leading server operative system, and can runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the entire world, and the best two thing of it is that u don ´t get virus and is free. Mobile Operating System The mobile O.S is the Operating system that controls all mobile devices. The different systems for mobiles are: Windows Mobile Palms OS BlackBerry OS Symbian OS Android

The Allure of Vampires and Immortality :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Allure of Vampires and Immortality    Humanity has always been fascinated with the allure of immortality and although in the beginning vampires were not a symbol of this, as time passed and society changed so did the ideas and perceptions surrounding them. The most important thing to ask yourself at this point is 'What is immortality?' Unfortunately this isn't as easily answered as asked. The Merriam Webster Dictionary says immortality is 'the quality or state of being immortal; esp : unending existence' while The World Book Encyclopedia states it as 'the continued and eternal life of a human being after the death of the body.' A more humorous definition can be found in The Devil's Dictionary by Ambrose Bierce:    'A toy which people cry for, And on their knees apply for, Dispute, contend and lie for, And if allowed Would be right proud Eternally to die for.'    While all of these are accurate interpretations to some extent none of them encompass all of what immortality really is. The reason for this is simple; there is no true definition or guideline by which to follow. Immortality means something different to each and every person on this earth. Down through the ages people have been immortalized by deeds, words, songs, poetry, and a number of other endeavors, but some have always sought the elusive Philosopher's Stone; the answer to true immortality    Since the beginning of recorded history, everlasting life has been pursued by old and young, rich and poor. One need only look to the Gilgamesh Epic, the oldest story in the world, to discover where these roots lay. Gilgemesh, the mighty king and warrior, fearing his own demise, seeks out Utnapishtim, a mortal made immortal by the gods, in the hopes that he'll reveal the secret of eternal life. The immortal tells the king of a flower, which when eaten, bestows eternal life. Note that the answer is tangible and real, something that can be seen and held. Not immortality for the soul, but for the body. In the end Gilgamesh fails at his quest, but he is all the wiser for his journeys. The Greeks, too, sought immortality, but it tended to be of a spiritual nature only, because generally the gods were the only ones considered to be true immortals.

To Falsify or not to Falsify :: Science Scientific Essays

To Falsify or not to Falsify Consider for a moment the views of Hellenic and Hellenistic science. Hellenic science was a science of the big picture. Science which often overlooked small details. Hellenistic science, on the other hand, was much more mathematical and precise. The shift from Hellenic to Hellenistic science was nothing more than a change of perspective in science. Right or wrong aside, scientist's perspectives changed and along with it what was allowed to be scientific. To quote Khun, "What is it that transforms an apparently temporary discrepancy into an inescapable conflict. How can an conceptual scheme that one generation admiringly describes as subtle, flexible, and complex, become for a later generation merely obscure, ambiguous, and cumbersome?"(Khun 76) Whether we like it or not, science is subjective. There are certain universal standards of science that all fields must follow, such as the empirical method, but among the different scientific fields science changes. What works in one field may not work in another. Sir Karl Popper claims "The criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability."(Popper23). He then states "Induction, i.e. inference based on many observations, is a myth" (Popper25). This produces problems for certain fields of science.. His theory accounts for the "hard sciences", chemistry, physics and astronomy, but not for the "soft sciences". These soft sciences deal with different set of limitations and problems. Many so called "pseudo-sciences" deal with people, not constant non-sentient bodies. In these sciences, the variables are limitless and the best predictions scientists can produce are probabilities. So what about other sciences such as psychology, sociology, meteorology, and medicine? There are numerous fields of science that deal with probability and correlation's, which are part of the inductive method of science. What's there to say to these fields? For these sciences induction must remain valid when deduction is not possible. In the "hard sciences", such as chemistry, physics, and astronomy, deduction is applicable to the validity of a theory, and therefore deduction can be used to accurately falsify a theory. The soft sciences require induction for theory verification as well as deduction. Since I am a psychology major, I will use psychology and sociology to refute Poppers claims of falsifiability. The examples that I give are done with the scientific method. When necessary, random samples are used and confounding variables are negated. These studies were done within scientific guidelines.

Flannery OConnors Revelation :: Flannery OConnor Revelation

Flannery O'Connor's background influenced her to write the short story â€Å"Revelation†. One important influence on the story is her Southern upbringing. During her lifetime, Southerners were very prejudiced towards people of other races and lifestyles. They believed that people who were less fortunate were inferior to them; therefore, people were labeled as different things and placed into different social classes. The South provided O'Connor with the images she needed for her characters. This can easily be identified in her short story â€Å"Revelation.† The characters in the story are identified by physical characteristics and some are even identified with racial terms. The main character in the story is actually prejudiced and makes many statements using racial jargon. For example, Mrs. Turpin, the main character, refers to the higher class woman as â€Å"well-dressed and pleasant†. She also labels the teenage girl as â€Å"ugly† and the poor woman as â€Å"white-trashy†. When Mrs. Turpin converses with her black workers, she often uses the word â€Å"nigger† in her thoughts. These characteristics she gives her characters definitely reveals the Southern lifestyle which the author, Flannery O'Connor, was a part of. In addition to her Southern upbringing, another influence on the story is Flannery O'Connor's illness. She battled with the lupus disease which has caused her to use a degree of violence and anger to make her stories somewhat unhappy. The illness caused a sadness inside of Flannery O'Connor, and that inner sadness flowed from her body to her paper through her pen. Although she was sick, O'Connor still felt proud to be who she was. By comparison, Mrs. Turpin in â€Å" Revelation† has a good disposition about herself. She is far from perfect, yet she is happy to be who she is. Perhaps the most important influence on the story is religion. O'Connor was not only influenced by her own Catholic heritage but by others as well. Like the other writers from France and England, she is curious about the actuality of sin and the effect that it has on the presence of mankind. Her stories and every characteristic about them was Flannery O'Connor's way of showing reality and qualities that are determiners of fate and destiny. No matter which path her stories took her readers, they mostly ended up finding social truth. This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices enables Flannery O'Connor in â€Å"Revelation† to develop the theme that sometimes people must look farther than the surface in order to understand the actions of others.

Famous All Over Town by Danny Santiago Essay

A story of Donny’s struggles of growing up in Barrio. Famous all over town is about a young high school boy named Rudy Medina. He grows up in a Latin, Chicano town called Barrio. He tells us his life and all the struggles he has to face everyday of his life .The family he had was not the perfect family; the mother was having another child that she would then not take care of because she cared more about herself. Lena was a high school drop out who wanted to be free and on her own, the father was a hard worker who tried to give his family everything, and Rudy was the outcast that never quite fit in. With his mother being pregnant and his sister and father always working, Rudy never really had anyone to talk to. Until that one day when he couldn’t take the pain he was feeling in his stomach while his mother was giving labor in the other room. Luckily their was a medic there to loom at him. Then the room went black. Rudy woke up in a hospital bed, and then Dr. Penrose walk ed in and told Rudy he had a ruptured appendix and was lucky they got to him when they did or else he could have died. When released from the hospital Rudy went home to a totally different family, the sister made her room into Rudy’s new room just for him, the father was actually trying to talk to him like he actually cared and the mother was actually happy to see him and she was taking care of her new born. Then as soon as everything was good it went bad. The mother took a trip to visit her mother and just decided to never come back; she abandoned her family and her live in Barrio. Then the father got a new girlfriend and moved in with her. Lena got a boyfriend named Armando and moved in together in a tiny little house. While Rudy was up too no good and they didn’t know what to do with me, until they decided he would live with Lena, it was all good until it turned south. Famous all over town was a very inspiring and cultural book. It makes you think about the life you have and makes you appreciate the life you have in my opinion. I personally do recommend this book, the first couple of pages may be slow but once you get past them, you’re not going to want to put the book down. This book is a story of a family that never fit  together. Family is supposed to stick together so to read this story it made me sad but made me appreciate the family I have twice as much. Characters and Descriptions Famous all over town was full of many character that were different in ever single way. For instance, lets start with Rudy, Rudy is the one telling us his story living in Barrio. He is a very young man who always tired to do his best and he was very respectful. He had nothing but love for his family even thought they never really cared about him or what he did. Rudy is the younger brother and son of the Medina family. He is the most important character of the story because he is the one telling the story its all about his life and what he had to go through and how he lived with his crazy family especially his sister. Lena is Rudy’s older and only sister. She is the feisty and bad mouthed child. She always feels like the parents are bad parents and she hates living in that house. She dropped out of school as soon as she was old enough too. She usually kept to herself because she never really cared about anyone else because they never cared about her. The dad always hit her beca use she would always speak her mind to him and tell him what she thought. Lena may be crazy and blunt but she is the only one who took care of Rudy when he got out of the hospital and she is the one that takes him in after he goes to juvy because his mom is out of the country and the dad moved in with his new girlfriend. She disliked the way her parents didn’t act like parents. The father was a man who was a hard worker, and very respected for being such a hard worker. He wasn’t always the best father or husband he had anger issues and domestic violence issues. He hit Lena and his wife, Lena’s mom multiple times for either talking back or standing up for themselves. One thing he always did was make sure they had everything they needed, he always tried to make Rudy the man he wanted him to be. He tried to be the father they wanted it just never worked out, Rudy wanted someone to love and care for him like Dr. Penrose. Dr. Penrose was a doctor at the hospital that Rudy went to when he had a ruptured appendix. The doctor made Rudy feel loved, he would always come and sit and talk to Rudy and make sure he was feeling okay and taught him some information on the bones. He was being the father that Rudy had always wanted. Dr. Penrose was a very nice and loving guy who cared for everyone no  matter who they were or what race. Setting The setting in this story played a very important role in setting up the entire story. Not only did it add character it made even more intense and real in a sense. The setting in my opinion is the most important part of the story because it gives the reader a feel of where they are at and what they wake up to everyday and what they go through. It gives us an inside to another world we have never seen before. For instance in the story Famous all over town, the setting is in a lower class Chicano town called the Barrio. Its one of those towns that people who weren’t from there were afraid to drive by or even go through those streets. The town was full of gangs running a muck, and all most everyone owned a gun. The setting was not the nicest setting to read about but it makes us realize what the characters had to go through everyday and how they grew up. The setting in my opinion was making me picture a graffiti filled city with dirty little houses, run down cars that made loud and annoying sounds when you started them, and little kids running around the streets because their parents didn’t care what they did. The setting wasn’t described as all bad, they made it sound like a family place because everyone knew each other, so they would all be sitting on their porches talking to each other, or the men would come over to Rudy’s dads house to talk. Barrio was a lower class town that some feared but others cherished it was a home to others and trash to some. Barrio added a sense of strength to the story in my opinion, because you needed to be brave to stay, some grew the courage to get up and leave and others never let. Barrio made the story with out this run down town the story wouldn’t have been the same. Chicano Power, in the Barrio. Introduction Rewrite â€Å"CHICANO POWER,† it yelled. â€Å"BROWN IS BEAUTIFUL. FULANO FOR SHERIFF.†(7) Automatically when I read this I thought gang members or drive by, something affiliated with gangs or guns. The introduction starts off with a apparent law-abiding drunk man, cruising down the street. Then it jumps to the kid driving waking up on his birthday and his father handing him his birthday present which is a chicken killer knife. The father says when the son looks confused, â€Å" Fourteen years makes a man, prove yourself.†(8) Just by reading  that it makes me think badly about the parenting skills and how they raise their children there in Barrio. I personally think the introduction works. Not saying its okay about what they are doing in the story but they started it with a careless son drunk driving then going home to his father giving him a knife at the age of fourteen. It sets the mood and tone of the story and gives us a hit of how much they really care and how the y live and what the people are like. If they would have made it sound like a nice sweet and lovable town, the story wouldn’t have made sense. The entire story is about a young boy growing up in a run down city and town with careless parents. It sets up the entire story because it already shows us a father let his fourteen year old son drive a car, while drunk and at night time, so it shows us he doesn’t care. Plus it shows us the mother is no where to be found, it makes us wonder if she even knew her son was gone or drunk. Introductions are a very important asset to any story, it sets up the rest of the story and it sets the mood and tone of the story so if the intro is bad then we can expect the rest to be the same. This intro was very well put and introduced the story of Rudy’s life in Barrio very well. Arising Issues â€Å"Those dumb birds.†Lena scolded. â€Å"You love them better than your own kids.† â€Å"Naturally,† my mother said, â€Å"Can you sing? Or fly? What good are you anyway?†(46) One main issue that I have seen arising is the mothers carelessness towards her family and house. She doesn’t really care for her children she only cares about herself, she keeps to herself and doesn’t really care what any one else does. â€Å"Meal time,† my sister pointed out. â€Å"Not again!† my mother complained. â€Å"Don’t they ever fill up?†(47) She cared more for her birds then her own children. Her and Lena never got along because Lena always did everything while her mother just sat around and didn’t do much. She cooked dinners most of the time but complained about it, one time Lena had to grab her and shove her in a chair to sit down and eat dinner with them, because she never ate with them as a family. The mother was the type of mother who wanted everything and didn’t want to worry about anything. They sold their house so they could move away and live rent free. â€Å"Don’t you even care?† I asked her. â€Å"No,† she said and signed. She then packed her bags and left saying they will chat soon and have a big reunion. Her son was getting into trouble on his own, he was on probation, got in  trouble for defying the bank who bought his house. They tried to find a home for him, they couldn’t send him to his mother because she was in Titalian and she didn’t even care that her son was in trouble. She didn’t win the mother of the year award. Book Summary It all starts out with a young fourteen year old boy named Rudy Medina. He was cruising down main street heading home a little drunk. He then woke up and it was his birthday he was handed a knife by his father who was a very hard worker and well respected man. Rudy’s dad thought since he is fourteen it is is turn to become a man and prove himself by cutting the chicken. Rudy had a different idea, instead of being original he decided to grab his fathers gun and shoot the chicken, which scared everyone, because they thought someone died. That wasn’t the best idea Rudy has ever had but it wasn’t as bad compared to Rudy’s mother getting pregnant. Lena, Rudy’s older sister was not so pleased when she found out her mother was pregnant, Lena thought her mother never cared for her children so why keep having them especially when they barely had enough for the 4 they have now. Rudy stared having some random pains that were killing him, but he didn’t s ay anything because he didn’t think anything of it. So he just kept going to school an usual he just waited it out. Then one day at school he almost collapsed he couldn’t endure the pain anymore. What luck for him he went home wrapped himself in a blanket and laid on the couch and then his mother decided to have her baby. The father and Lena called the hospital, but the mother kept saying no, because she wasn’t going to pay for them, that just to wait for her to be in pain so they legally have to come and it’s free. The doctors showed up and Rudy or his mother were in pain. Rudy’s father was yelling at him telling him to stop acting stupid. Lena was getting nervous and said what if he is really sick. One of the doctors noticed him and checked Rudy out, he took the blanket off and pulled up his shirt and pushed on his side and Rudy hollered. Then next thing Rudy see is himself in a hospital bed. He had a ruptured appendix. The hospital visit wasn’t all bad he met a new friend named Dr. Penrose. The doctor wasn’t just a doctor to Rudy, he made Rudy feel love d and cared for. He would come and tell him stories and just sit on the end of his bed and talk to him, more then any other patient. One  day Rudy’s father came and got him and all Rudy could talk about was the doctor and his father got a little jealous. When they arrived back home Rudy was pleasantly surprised to see that Lena had remodeled her room to make it more comfortable for Rudy to sleep in. She had painted it black and whiten and cleaned it just for him. He felt a little loved for once. That soon changed because Lena and his mother started arguing like usual. They were arguing about all the dirt all over the floor because the mother never cleans and that how the mother loves her birds more then them. The mother started getting tired of everything even the baby. The baby was ready to be fed and she got a little upset because she said they are never full. Rudy offered to do it and she looked at him like it was a miracle. Then bad news hit after all that commotion, the hospital rang about the phone bill, they owed 178 dollars for pills and medication, Lena and Rudy offered to work to help pay it off but the father said no. Then even more news troubled some, Dr. Penrose called and said he had taken care of their hospital bill but the father considered it as charity and wasn’t going to except charity. Then later on after bigger news came that would shake things up. The parents decided they were going to sale the house and move away to be free and have no worries. While that was going on Lena had moved out and moved in with her Armando her boyfriend, and Rudy was still getting into trouble. Lena was living her own live and Rudy was basically doing the same. One day the father had great news, but it wasn’t good news to everyone. He announced they had sold the house and that they had to go to the bank and pick up the check. They went to the bank and received a check for 1,000 dollars, the only happy ones where the parents they were excited to get out of Barrio and move and live rent free. The mother had packed bags and was ready to leave they drove to the bus station and without any hesitation they got on and said they would chat, they would get together and have a reunion. They left their children with no care in the world. Rudy was very upset he decided to take it out on the ones who made this happen. The bank was his target he got some chalk and crayons and wrote in his finest writing his name across the banks wall so ever would know who he was. The cops showed up and realized he was the one who has been defying public property and arrested him. They then need to find a home for him to go to. They couldn’t send him to his father because he was living with his women, they couldn’t send him to his mother  because she barely wrote from Titalian, so the final decision was to let him live with Lena, it was all good until it went south. That was the end of Famous all over town.

The Great Gatsby- East Egg vs. West Egg

East Egg versus West Egg East Egg and West Egg are â€Å"identical in contour and separated only by a courtesy bay †¦ They are not perfect ovals †¦ but their physical resemblance must be a source of perpetual wonder to the gulls that fly overhead. To the wingless a more interesting phenomenon is their dissimilarity in every particular except shape and size. â€Å"(9) In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald creates different worlds, where many different people live amongst each other. The areas of East Egg and West Egg in Long Island find isolation not just geographically, â€Å"separated only by a courtesy bay† (9), but more significantly in the way the two societies contrast. Along with East and West Egg, Fitzgerald creates another symbol where a dark and lifeless community lives: the Valley of Ashes, â€Å"a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air† (22,4. With vivid settings Fitzgerald creates for the audience, the audience is able to connect with the settings at a more personal level and receive more insight about the characters to establish a full understanding of them. East Egg is home to the fashionable group of social elite, also known as â€Å"old money† or people who have always had money. Tom and Daisy represent the ‘old establishment', having lived with money their whole lives. Daisy is very materialistic and is consumed with being associated with her ‘social class'. These people are shallow and lack any moral principles. They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together. † They are careless and selfish, which is exemplified through Jordan Baker. Jordan Baker is a professional golfer who thinks so highly of herself. She feels people should be careful of her when she drives. The society of East Egg are ruthless. Although these are clearly people who live to please themselves, the West Eggers constantly envy and imitate them. Throughout the novel it seems the West Eggers are trying to fit in with the East and be ccepted by the East Eggers. West Eggers are the newly rich; the people who have worked hard and earned their money in a short period o f time. Their wealth is epitomized on material possessions. Gatsby, like the West Eggers, lacks the traditions of the East Eggers. He is considered ‘new money', in the sense that his wealth came to him more recently through his own success. Although Gatsby is now a part of this class, his faith and belief in the success of his dreams has allowed him to preserve some morality. Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel, lives in West Egg and exhibits honesty in this place of superficiality. Clearly the West is able to preserve some ethics while the East is not able to grasp any. Although West Egg is the more moral, it is still a place of superficiality and materialism. Daisy, Tom, Nick, Jordan, and Gatsby all move to the east, where they move from a world of values to a moral vacuum, represented by the â€Å"valley of ashes. † The valley of ashes represents a world, which is like a distorted hell created by modern industry. Factories and trains, produced in the manufacture of wealth, has polluted America with its waste. Overlooking the valley, are the sightless eyes of T. J. Ecklburg, an advertisement on a billboard, that is actually confused as God. It represents a god who has been created by modern society to make money, and a god who no longer sees nor cares. The whole valley symbolizes a world whose ethnics are so spiritually lost, that they worship money and wealth. The promise of happiness, hope, and freedom that America gave its first settlers, has been corrupted by the lies of greed, and the emptiness of a dream based on wealth. Within these settings many of the lifestyles contrast, from the â€Å"old money,† to the â€Å"rags to riches,† to the â€Å"ruthless wealthy. † F. Scott Fitzgerald creates different types of people who are so different, yet have the same drive to be a part of the wealthy upper class. These places have different standards and tend to conflict with each other. In The Great Gatsby, F Scott Fitzgerald creates many different lifestyles the cities he creates: East and West Egg and the Valley of Ashes. These settings each have contrasting components that exemplify the true colors of the characters. Fitzgerald shows the differences between East and West Egg and The Valley of Ashes, what each town represents, and finally how the contrast shows the meaning of the character’s lifestyles.

University Application

I would like to explain about work experience. From 2005 to 2007, I worked as a help desk technician for a high school affiliated to Korea University in Korea. I maintained roughly 400 desktops and supported technical works including backup, error corrections of desktops and printers, and unskilled user’s mistakes. I formatted and installed Windows OS and replaced main-board’s condenser, VGA, RAM, HDD, LAN card, and ODD. I installed a LAN line for new class rooms to be internet accessible. In 2008, as a system operator I worked for one of the biggest securities companies in Korea.I implemented a daily batch job involved opening and closing a stock market, processing deals in stocks, ERP, marketing and whole stock task with Solaris UNIX. I was involved in discussion on a modification of a batch job scheduling and maintained a batch job by documenting on a scheduled manual record and analyzing the dependency while recording the elapsed time. The next job that I worked for one of the biggest telecommunication companies in Korea, where I discussed about annual operational plan and held the responsibility of including DB running on AIX UNIX and CTI, IVR and recording servers running on Windows 2000.I did first-level troubleshooting and informed a person in charge of a server when the issues arose. I continued to work as a technical support specialist for Apple in 2011 in Singapore. I provided front line support via live web-chat and email for Apple Care certified technicians. I drew on technical information from groups such as Apple care engineering, service training and documentation with a predominant focus on assisting field technicians with the repair of Apple Products.I identified potential engineering issues and trends in escalations by ongoing analysis and tracking of escalations, and analysis of reports. Currently I am working for Seagate as a technical support specialist. I answer to inbound customer inquiry calls and emails for individual and business Seagate hard drive customers. I work cross-functionally to resolve complex issues in Windows and MacOS environments. One day, I participated in a project in designing a team website to implement integrated trouble shooting.It became a great internal knowledge base for our team. It is also very helpful as all articles written by hands on experience for specific issues. After designing the project, I have trained team members for trouble shooting steps for Apple products, and it was a good opportunity for me to utilize my previous working experience at Apple. I am quite interested in UNIX system administration and database. I want to be a computer science professional who delivers environment friendly, convenient and secure life to the world.Special achievements I have made is that I was promoted to be an advanced network product support team member in Feb 2013. I was Chosen as a top 10 agent of all agents around the world in 2011. My personal aim is to know essential comput er knowledge to lay down the foundation. Furthermore, I wish to learn the computer and its related fields in depth. Actually, that was my hope when I was working as a system operator in a big data center. This was because I ran shell scripts daily but sometimes I did not fully comprehend how it works.I monitored SQL queries yet sometimes I had difficulty to understand it. I would like to build my career at business computer related. However, the requirements I applied were asking a degree in computer science. In addition, I hope to discover a potential and interesting area in computer filed through BCS. I would like to study with Adelaide University as they provide high quality teaching. I believe after graduation of this degree, I will be highly skilled and adaptable with the ability to design computer-based solutions to the problems of information management and processing.